In the dialogue between built and unbuilt, landscape design stands as visual poetry. It allows us to reconnect with the earth, reminding us that architecture is not merely about walls but about the spaces between them, the air we breathe, the shade we seek, and the paths we walk. The quality of outdoor spaces often defines our way of living and contributes to our well-being. Parks, courtyards, green streets, and gardens are not just landscape features, but they are green lungs of the dense metro cities.
What is Landscape architecture?
Hop Park, Green Pop-up Hop into the Greeniverse © Nawin Deangnul
Landscape architecture is the discipline of art and science of planning, creating, designing, and growing beauty sensitively that responds to the environment. It is a niche in the design that impacts well-being and weaves together architectural elements and ecology to create sustainable and eco-friendly outdoor spaces. A landscape architect focuses on the entire site and blends the built with the surrounding natural ecosystem.
Grand Canal in Wuxi © Jin Xiaohui, Shanghai Daguan + Zebai Landscape
In the 21st century, landscape architecture is more than creating parks or visually appealing gardens; it’s a place that integrates ecosystems, fosters community engagement, and adds symbolic value to the city’s identity in pursuing green building principles. It plays a significant role in crafting a sustainable, functional, and culturally relevant environment that challenges the city to grow and develop.
Evolution: From Decoration to Design-Driven
Mosaic-covered structure © Annadave Nido
Traditionally designed as part of built form, landscape has now become a design intervention blending pathways, plazas, and gardens, and integrating water management systems, regional planting, and fostering biodiversity. It influences how people gather, move, and interact, from shaded transitions to open gardens that encourage walkability and social interactions.
Structure nestled in lush gardens © Annadave Nido
Rapid urbanization has changed the design world and influences our lifestyle, culture, and cities. Landscape architecture mediates between human aspiration and ecological balance, improving the experience of our built form and urban cities. As cities expand and natural resources shrink, landscape architecture is no longer about how we design but how landscape can design us, reshaping our way of living and belonging.
Nature Becomes Architecture
Play of Curves © Ravi Mistry Photography, Hsc Designs
Architecture is more than building elegant and functional forms; its profound language is rooted in skylights, courtyards, and water bodies that add a sense of experience to the space. Landscape design combines architectural elements into spatial narratives, shaping how people interact, pause, and experience the surrounding beauty. The structure blends with the context, blurring the interior and exterior spaces. Landscape design is celebrated in patterns of shaded light, covered pathways, the cooling canopy of trees, and the reflective serenity of water in the courtyard that influences behavior, mood, and memory through architectural form.
Landscapes design as Storytellers.
Tongva Park and Ken Genser Square, Santa Monica © Tim Street Porter
Landscape design offers ecological and social resilience by integrating smart sustainable features, mitigating heat, filtering air, regenerating biodiversity, and managing water across the diverse projects from rain gardens to green roofs. Ancient culture recognized landscape as a means to elevate oneself; Persian gardens symbolize it as paradise, while the Zen garden represents meditative balance and spirituality rooted in the natural world. Contemporary designers adapt historic learnings and integrate technology, sustainability, and local identity for climate-responsive design.
The Principles of Landscape Design
To create a harmonious and cohesive design, it is important to understand the basic core of landscape elements that ensure sustainable outputs. These guides are helpful while designing hardscape—patios, walkways, and walls—and softscape—plants, trees, lawns, and site features—lighting, furniture, and water elements.
Walker Art Center, Wurtele Upper Garden, Minneapolis © Paul Crosby
Unity: Creating proportionality between the elements and blending them to create a cohesive design.
Balance: Perception plays a role in altering our sense of visual balance, whether it’s symmetrical or asymmetrical, to achieve a sense of equilibrium.
Rhythm and Repetition: Repetition creates a sense of flow and adds visual vibrancy to the textures and shapes of diverse plants.
Emphasis: Focal features such as a water feature, sculpture, or a striking tree are significant in the landscape design, as they draw visitors’ eyes and catch attention, offering a serenity
Scale and Proportion: Ensuring the size of the elements is appropriate for the space and in relation to each other.
Notable Examples in Landscape Architecture
The Spring Market, Taiwan
Public Rooftop Park © MVRDV
Designed by award-winning architectural firm MVRDV, the Spring Market Tainan addresses urban density by repurposing an underutilized rooftop and crafting a model for sustainable urban development. A biophilic design integrated natural elements into the built spaces and created terraced gardens, curving pathways, and a variety of native flora, all of which contribute to improved air quality and reduced urban heat island effect on the rooftop. It showcases how thoughtful landscape architecture can alter rigid urban masses into meaningful community gatherings and culturally rich spaces in the dense urban fabric.
Parque Quetzalcóatl, Mexico
Mosaic serpent structure winding through the gardens © Parque Quetzalcóatl.
Mexican architect Javier Senosiain merged organic architecture with the natural environment, aiming to create a sustainable and biophilic design of Parque Quetzalcóatl. Inspired by Quetzalcóatl, the revered feathered serpent deity of Mesoamerican mythology, the park’s symbolic elements are embedded, forming curvilinear forms resembling the surrounding valleys.
A striking fusion of architecture and nature © Parque Quetzalcóatl
Constructed from ferro cement and adorned with colorful mosaics and local materials like tezontle, a volcanic rock, the structure portrays a tactile and vibrant quality. It provides a surreal experience for the visitors walking through the networks of gardens, water mirrors, and a greenhouse with a multi-colored stained-glass ceiling. The playful spatial layout of the 20-hectare park is a living labyrinth of exploration and discovery.
Surreal harmony between structure, earth, and vegetation © Chrissi Hernandez
The important element of design was water management, crafted with streams and glens directing rainwater into treatment plants that recycle and provide closed-loop systems. Parque Quetzalcóatl has become a work of art and a landmark of contemporary landscape design that connects built form with the organic natural world, creating spaces that are both awe-inspiring and ecologically sound.
Social Sustainability: Green Spaces for All
Yard, Portland © Stephen Miller
Sustainability has become the foundation of contemporary projects; they are living systems that respond to climate challenges and ecological needs. Landscape design is not merely an aesthetic backdrop but an active principle in a sustainable future in building a green city. Planting native vegetation reduces water consumption and restores biodiversity, and rainwater systems help to recharge groundwater while avoiding urban floods. Green pathways and covered plazas encourage community engagement, enhance urban lifestyle, and promote equity in cities where open land is scarce. Landscape architecture, a biophilic design, adapts, grows, and evolves, evolving as regenerative and giving back more than it takes.
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